What is a potential effect of high caffeine intake during pregnancy?

High caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with various potential risks, one of which is low birth weight. Research indicates that excessive consumption of caffeine can lead to reduced placental blood flow and nutrient delivery to the developing fetus, which can hinder growth and result in lower birth weights. Low birth weight is a significant concern as it can contribute to other health issues for the baby, both immediately after birth and later in life.

The other options reflect outcomes that are either not supported by research in the same way or are generally considered unrelated to caffeine consumption during pregnancy. For instance, increased fetal movement is not conclusively linked to high caffeine levels, while improved infant alertness is not a recognized effect of maternal caffeine consumption. Increased milk production is typically more associated with hormones like prolactin and does not have a direct connection to the parent's caffeine intake during pregnancy.